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Iran’s Nuclear Stockpile Grows, Complicating Negotiations
By DAVID E. SANGER and WILLIAM J. BROADJUNE 1, 2015
WASHINGTON — With only one month left before a deadline to complete a nuclear deal with Iran,
international
inspectors have reported that Tehran’s stockpile of nuclear fuel
increased about 20 percent over the last 18 months of negotiations,
partially undercutting the Obama administration’s contention that the
Iranian program had been “frozen” during that period.
But Western officials and experts cannot quite figure out why. One
possibility is that Iran has run into technical problems that have kept
it from converting some of its enriched uranium into fuel rods for
reactors, which would make the material essentially unusable for
weapons. Another is that
it is increasing its stockpile to give it an edge if the negotiations fail.
The extent to which Iran’s stockpile has increased was documented in a
report issued Friday by the International Atomic Energy Agency, the
United Nations organization that monitors compliance with nuclear
treaties. The agency’s inspectors, who have had almost daily access to
most of Iran’s nuclear production facilities, reported finding no
evidence that Iran was racing toward a nuclear weapon, and said Tehran
had halted work on facilities that could have given it bomb-making
capabilities.
Since atomic negotiations began
a year and a half ago, Iran has slowly increased the size of its
uranium stockpile, which can fuel either reactors or bombs.
The overall increase in Iran’s stockpile
poses a major diplomatic and political challenge for President Obama and Secretary of State John Kerry,
who flew back to the United States from Geneva on Monday for treatment
of a broken leg he suffered in a bicycling accident, as they enter a
30-day push to try to complete an agreement by the end of June. In
essence, the administration will have to convince Congress and America’s
allies that Iran will shrink its stockpile by 96 percent in a matter of
months after a deal is signed, even while it continues to produce new
material and has demonstrated little success in reducing its current
stockpile.
“From the U.S. perspective, it’s obviously less than ideal,” said
Richard M. Nephew, an Iran specialist at Columbia University, who worked
at the White House and State Department. Mr. Nephew said the enlarged
stockpile was not a deal breaker because Iran could find a way of
solving the problem, especially if it was offered sanctions relief.
A major element of the forthcoming deal, if it is completed, permits
Iran to maintain a stockpile of only 300 kilograms, or about 660 pounds,
of nuclear fuel, less than would be needed to make a single weapon.
That means Iran, which insists its nuclear program is for civilian
purposes, would have to rid itself of more than nine tons of its
stockpile in a matter of months. One easy solution would be to ship the
fuel out of the country, but that is a politically fraught topic for the
Iranians — and one that their deputy negotiator, Abbas Araqchi, ruled
out in March.
“There is no question of sending the stocks abroad,” Mr. Araqchi said
at the time. A State Department statement released a few days later
that outlined the preliminary agreement reached at a marathon session in
Lausanne, Switzerland, was silent on the question of how the reduction
would be realized.
Administration officials said nothing publicly about the atomic
energy agency’s report. But several officials, speaking on the condition
of anonymity, said that the Iranians understood that under a final
agreement they would commit to giving up almost all of their fuel and
maintaining a small stockpile for 15 years.
“How are they going to do it?” one senior American official said
recently when asked about the negotiations, details of which Mr. Kerry
and his team are trying to keep confidential. “We’re not certain. It’s
their problem, not ours. But it’s a problem.”
Nonetheless, officials say they expect the radical reduction of
Iran’s stockpile to happen in the opening months of any agreement,
either by shipping it out of the country or changing it into a form that
would make it impossible to re-enrich and use as a weapon.
Mr. Kerry met with his Iranian counterpart, Mohammad Javad Zarif, in
Geneva on Saturday to discuss how the stockpile would be destroyed and
other impediments to a final deal. Mr. Kerry was joined at the talks by
Energy Secretary Ernest J. Moniz, who will have to certify to Congress
that the deal ensures that Iran will remain at least a year away from
being able to produce a weapon’s worth of bomb fuel over the next
decade, a complex calculation in which the size of Iran’s stockpile is a
major factor.
Other elements of Iran’s program, however, have been frozen or rolled
back. Construction has stopped on a major plutonium reactor, and it is
undergoing a redesign to make it less threatening. And while Iran has
installed about 20,000 centrifuges at its enrichment plants, roughly
half are idle. Of the fuel that the United States worries about most —
because it was enriched to a level a short step away from bomb-grade —
half has been diluted, and the rest is being turned into reactor fuel.
There is little doubt that in the absence of the interim accord,
called the “Joint Plan of Action,” Iran would have made even greater
strides. But the numbers published Friday by the atomic energy agency
show that Iran has continued to enrich uranium aggressively, even though
it knew that it was not meeting its goals of converting its stockpile
into reactor rods.
The question is: How much of the increased stockpile was done for
political reasons, and how much is because adding to the stockpile has
proved easier than eliminating it?
The 2013 plan for capping the stockpile relied on Iran’s stated plan
to build a “conversion plant” at its sprawling nuclear complex at
Isfahan. The plant was intended to turn newly enriched uranium into
oxide powder, the first step toward making reactor fuel rods. In other
words, while the stockpile would not be reduced, it also should not have
grown.
As the Bipartisan Policy Center, a research group in Washington, said
in February, “Iran has failed” to do the conversion. As a result, it
added, Iran’s stockpile of enriched uranium, compared with when the
preliminary accord went into effect, was growing “significantly larger.”
Key developments since the United States, its negotiating partners and Iran agreed to a nuclear framework in April.
Saudi Arabia said it would match Iran’s nuclear capability.
Iran’s supreme leader ruled out inspection of military sites and interviews with scientists.
France said such inspections were essential for a deal.
Wendy R. Sherman, the chief United States negotiator with Iran, said she planned to step down after the June 30 deadline.
Iran began the trial of a Washington Post correspondent, Jason Rezaian,
on espionage charges, perhaps as leverage in negotiations.
(A small part of the increase came from Iran’s compliance with
another part of the agreement, under which it took part of its small
stockpile of medium-enriched fuel, the one closest to bomb grade, and
converted it to low-enriched fuel, lengthening the timeline necessary to
use it for a weapon.)
What remains unknown is the cause of the bottleneck at the new plant:
technical problems, Iranian foot-dragging, or some combination of the
two. The Institute for Science and International Security, a Washington
research group, wrote in an analysis on Friday that Iranian officials
say the plant’s final stage “did not work properly,” prompting the
delay.
The Iranians themselves tell a more complicated story.
Presiding over the plant’s opening last August, Ali Akbar Salehi, the
head of Iran’s Atomic Energy Organization, said Iran had successfully
overcome industrial sabotage, a long rumored way the West has sought to
slow Tehran’s nuclear program.
Mr. Obama must decide when to lift the harshest of the sanctions
against Iran. If he lifts the sanctions, even partially, before Iran has
destroyed or shipped all but the last small amount of uranium, he might
lose leverage in ensuring that Iran complies with the rest of its
pledge.
On the other hand, waiting too long risks unraveling a deal,
especially if ordinary Iranians see no economic benefits from
cooperation.
For his part, Mr. Obama seems focused on the long-term question: Can
he prevent Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon for the remainder of his
term and that of his successor?
With the stockpiles and the number of operating centrifuges reduced,
“we know that even if they wanted to cheat, we would have at least a
year, which is about three times longer than we’d have right now,” to
react, Mr. Obama told Thomas L. Friedman, a columnist for The New York
Times, in April, “and we would have insights into their programs that
we’ve never had before.”
David E. Sanger reported from Washington, and William J. Broad from New York.
